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CONTENTS
Preface xv
PART I
Setting the Scene 1
Chap 1 The Target and the Arrows
3
1. Introduction: The Target 3
2. The Arrows 11
(i) Shooting at the Sun 11
(ii) Resurrection and History 12
(a) The Senses of 'History' 12
(b) No Access? 15
(c) No Analogy? 16
(d) No Real Evidence?
18
(iii) Resurrection in History and Theology 20
(a) No. Other Starting-Point? 20
(b) Resurrection and Christology 23
(c) Resurrection and Eschatology 26
3. The Historical Starting-Point 28
Chap 2
Shadows, Souls and Where They Go:
Life Beyond Death in Ancient Paganism 32
1. Introduction 32
2. Shadows, Souls, or Potential Gods? 38
(i) Introduction 38
(ii) Witless Shadows in a Murky World? 39
(iii) Disembodied but Otherwise Fairly Normal? 45
(iv) Souls Released from Prison? 47
(v) Becoming a God (or at least a Star)? 55
3. Further Life from within the
World of the Dead? 60
(i) Introduction 60
(ii) Eating with the Dead 61
(iii) Spirits, Souls and Ghosts
62
(iv) Returning from the Underworld
64
(v) Cheating Death: The Scheintod Motif in Novels 68
(vi) Translated to Be With the Gods
76
(vii) Transmigration of Souls 77
(viii) Dying and Rising Gods 80
4. Conclusion: The One-Way Street 81
Chap 3 Time to Wake Up (1):
Death and Beyond in the Old Testament 85
1. Introduction 85
2. Asleep with the Ancestors 87
(i) Next to Nothingness 87
(ii) Disturbing the Dead 93
(iii) The Unexplained Exceptions
94
(iv) The Land of No Return 96
(v) The Nature and Ground of Hope 99
3. And Afterwards? 103
(i) Introduction 103
(ii) Delivered from Sheol? 103
(iii) Glory after Suffering? 105
(iv) The Basis of Future Hope 107
4. Awakening the Sleepers 108
(i) Introduction 108
(ii) Daniel 12: The Sleepers Wake, the Wise Shine 109
(iii) The Servant and the Dust-Dwellers: Isaiah 115
(iv) On the Third Day: Hosea 118
(v) Dry Bones and God's Breath: Ezekiel 119
(vi) Resurrection and the Hope of Israel 121
5. Conclusion 127
Chap 4 Time to Wake Up (2):
Hope Beyond Death in Post-Biblical Judaism 129
1. Introduction: The Spectrum 129
2. No Future Life, or None to Speak of: The Sadducees 131
3. Blessed (and Disembodied) Immortality 140
4. Resurrection in Second-Temple Judaism 146
(i) Introduction 146
(ii) Resurrection in the Bible: The More Greek the Better 147
(iii) New Life for the Martyrs: 2 Maccabees 150
(iv) Judgment and Life in God's New World:
Resurrection and Apocalyptic 153
(v) Resurrection as the Vindication of the Suffering Wise:
The Wisdom of Solomon 162
(vi) Resurrection, in Other Words: Josephus 175
vii) Resurrection at Qumran? 181
(viii) Pseudo-Philo, Biblical Antiquities 189
(ix) Pharisees, Rabbis and Targumim 190
5. Resurrection in Ancient Judaism: Conclusion 200
PART II
Resurrection in Paul 207
Chap 5 Resurrection in Paul (Outside the Corinthian Correspondence) 209
1. Introduction: The Early Christian
Hope 209
2. 1 and 2 Thessalonians 213
3. Galatians 219
4. Philippians 225
5. Ephesians and Colossians 236
6. Philemon 240
7. Romans 241
(i) Introduction 241
(ii) Romans 1-4 242
(iii) Romans 5-8 248
(iv) Romans 9-11 260
(v) Romans 12-16 263
8. Interlude: The Pastoral Epistles 267
9. Paul (outside the Corinthian Correspondence): Conclusion 271
Chap 6 Resurrection in Corinth
(1): Introduction 277
1. Introduction: The Problem 277
2. Resurrection in 1 Corinthians (apart from Chapter 15) 278
(i) Introduction 278
(ii) 1 Corinthians 1-4: God's Wisdom, God's Power,God's Future 280
(iii) 1 Corinthians 5-6: Sex, Lawyers and Judgment 286
(iv) 1 Corinthians 7: Marriage 291
(v) 1 Corinthians 8-10:
Idols, Food, Monotheism and Apostolic Freedom 292
(vi) 1 Corinthians 11-14: Worship and Love 294
3. Resurrection in 2 Corinthians (apart from 4.7-5.11) 297
(i) Introduction 297
(ii) 2 Corinthians 1-2: Suffering and Comfort 300
(iii) 2 Corinthians 3.1-6.13: the Apostolic Apologia 302
(iv) 2 Corinthians 6.14-9.15: Fragments? 307
(v) 2 Corinthians 10-13: Weakness and Power 307
4. Conclusion: Resurrection at Corinth 309
Chap 7 Resurrection in Corinth (2): The Key Passages 312
1. 1 Corinthians 15 312
(i) Introduction 312
(ii) 1 Corinthians 15.1-11 317
(iii) i Corinthians 15.12-28 329
(a) Introduction 329
(b)1 Corinthians 15.12-19 331
(c) I Corinthians 15.20-28 333
(iv) 1 Corinthians 15.29-34 338
v) 1 Corinthians 15.35-49 340
(a) Introduction 340
(b) 1 Corinthians 15.35-41 342
(c) 1 Corinthians 15.42-9 347
(vi) 1 Corinthians 15.50-58 356
(vii) 1 Corinthians 15: Conclusion 360
2. 2 Corinthians 4.7-5.10 361
(i) Introduction 361
(ii) 2 Corinthians 4.7-15 362
(iii) 2 Corinthians 4.16-5.5 364
(iv) 2 Corinthians 5.6-10 369
(v) Conclusion 370
3. Conclusion: Resurrection in Paul 372
Chap 8 When Paul Saw Jesus 375
1. Introduction
2. Paul's Own Accounts 378
(i) Galatians 1.11-17
(ii) 1 Corinthians 9.1 381
(iii) 1 Corinthians 15.8-11 382
(iv) 2 Corinthians 4.6 384
(v) 2 Corinthians 12.1-4 386
3. Paul's Conversion/Call in Acts 388
4. Conversion and Christology 393
5. Conclusion 398
PART III
Resurrection in Early Christianity
(Apart from Paul) 399
Chap 9 Hope Refocused
(1):
Gospel Traditions Outside the Easter Narratives 401
1. Introduction 401
2. Resurrection in Mark and its Parallels 404
(i) Healing 404
(ii) Challenge 405
(iii) The Future Vindication of Jesus 408
(iv) Puzzles 411
(a) Herod 411
(b) The Disciples' Perplexity 414
(v) The Sadducees' Question 415
(a) Introduction 415
(b) No Marriage in the Resurrection 420
(c) God of the Living 423
(d) Patriarchs, Exodus and Kingdom 426
3. Resurrection in the Matthew/Luke Material (Sometimes Known as 'Q') 429
4. Resurrection in Matthew 434
5. Resurrection in Luke 435
6. Resurrection in John 440
7. Resurrection in the Gospels: Conclusion 448
Chap 10 Hope Refocused (2):
Other New Testament Writings 450
1. Introduction 450
2. Acts 451
3. Hebrews 457
4. The General Letters 461
5. Revelation 470
6. Conclusion: Resurrection in the
New Testament 476
Chap 11 Hope Refocused (3):
Non-Canonical Early Christian Texts 480
1. Introduction 480
2. Apostolic Fathers 481
(i)1
Clement 481
(ii) 2
Clement 483
(iii) Ignatius of Antioch 484
(iv) Polycarp: Letter and Martyrdom 486
(v) The Didache 488
(vi) Barnabas 489
(vii) The Shepherd
of Hermas 491
(viii) Papias 492
(ix) The Epistle
to Diognetus 493
3. Early Christian Apocrypha 494
(i) Introduction 494
(ii) The Ascension
of Isaiah 495
(iii) The Apocalypse
of Peter 496
(iv) 5 Ezra 498
(v) The Epistula
Apostolorum 499
4. The Apologists 500
(i) Justin Martyr 500
(ii) Athenagoras 503
(iii) Theophilus 506
(iv) Minucius Felix 508
5. The Great Early Theologians 510
(i) Tertullian 510
(ii) Irenaeus 513
(iii) Hippolytus 517
(iv) Origen 518
6. Early Syriac Christianity 527
(i) Introduction 527
(ii) The Odes
of Solomon 528
(iii) Tatian 531
(iv) The Acts
of Thomas 532
7. 'Resurrection' as Spirituality?
Texts from Nag Hammadi and Elsewhere 534
(i) Introduction . 534
(ii) The Gospel
of Thomas 534
(iii) Other Thomas Literature 537
(iv) The Epistle
to Rheginos 538
(v) The Gospel
of Philip 541
(vi) Other Nag Hammadi Treatises
544
(vii) The Gospel
of the Saviour 546
(viii) Nag Hammadi: Conclusion 547
8. The Second Century: Conclusion 551
Chap 12 Hope in Person:
Jesus as Messiah and Lord 553
1. Introduction 553
2. Jesus as Messiah 554
(i) Messiahship in Early Christianity
554
(ii) Messiahship in Judaism 557
(iii) Why Then Call Jesus Messiah?
559
3. Jesus, the Messiah, is Lord 563
(i) Introduction 563
(ii) Jesus and the Kingdom 566
(iii) Jesus and Caesar 568
(iv) Jesus and YHWH 571
4. Conclusion: Resurrection within the Early Christian Worldview 578
PART IV
The Story of Easter 585
Chap 13 General Issues in the Easter Stories 587
1. Introduction 587
2.
The Origin of the Resurrection Narratives 589
(i)
Sources and Traditions? 589
(ii)
The Gospel of Peter 592
(iii)
The Form of the Story 596
(iv)
Redaction and Composition? 597
3.
The Surprise of the Resurrection Narratives 599
(i)
The Strange Silence of the Bible in the Stories 599
(ii)
The Strange Absence of Personal Hope in the Stories 602
(iii)
The Strange Portrait of Jesus in the Stories 604
(iv)
The Strange Presence of the Women in the Stories 607
4.
The Historical Options 608
Chap 14
Fear
and Trembling: Mark 616
1. Introduction 616
2. The Ending 617
3. From Story to History 625
4. Easter Day from Mark's Point of View 627
Chap 15 Earthquakes and Angels: Matthew 632
1. Introduction 632
2. Ruptured Earth and Rising Corpses 632
3. The Priests, the Guards and the Bribe 636
4. Tomb, Angels, First Appearance (28.1-10) 640
5. On the Mountain in Galilee (28.16-20) 642
6. Matthew and the Resurrection: Conclusion 645
Chap 16
Burning
Hearts and Broken Bread: Luke 647
1.
Introduction 647
2.
Luke 24 and Acts 1 within Luke's Work as a Whole 649
3.
The Unique Event 656
4.
Easter and the Life of the Church 659
5.
Luke and the Resurrection: Conclusion 660
Chap 17
New
Day, New Tasks: John 662
1.
Introduction 662
2.
John 20 within the Gospel as a Whole 667
3.
The Contribution of John 21 675
4.
The Gospel Easter Stories: Conclusion 679
PART V
Belief, Event and Meaning 683
Chap 18
Easter
and History 685
1.
Introduction 685
2.
The Tomb and the Meetings 686
3.
Two Rival Theories 697
(i)
'Cognitive Dissonance' 697
(ii)
A New Experience of Grace 701
4.
The Necessary Condition 706
5. The Historical Challenge of Jesus' Resurrection 710
Chap 19 The Risen Jesus as the Son of God 719
1. Worldview, Meaning and Theology 719
2. The Meanings of 'Son of God' 723
(i) Introduction 723
(ii) Resurrection and Messiahship 726
(iii) Resurrection and World Lordship 728
(iv) Resurrection and the Question of God 731
3. Shooting at the Sun? 736
Bibliography
Abbreviations 739
1.
Stylistic Shorthands 739
2.
Primary Sources 739
3.
Secondary Sources, etc. 741
1.
Bible 745
2.
Other Jewish Texts 745
3.
Other Early Christian and Related Texts 746
4.
Pagan Texts 747
B Secondary Literature 751
Indexes 780
Index of Ancient Sources 780
1.
Old Testament 780
2.
Apocrypha 784
3.
Pseudepigrapha 785
4.
Qumran 786
5.Josephus
787
6.
Philo 787
7.
Rabbinic Works 787
8.
New Testament 788
9.
Christian and/or Gnostic Works 799
10.
Greco-Roman Texts 802
11.
Persian Texts 806
12.
Egyptian Texts 806
Index of Modem Authors 807
Index of Selected Topics 812
Copyright ©; Nicholas Thomas Wright 2003
This version: 24th May 2003
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