|
I. Introduction The topic of Our Lady's role as Coredemptrix, Mediatrix and Advocate for the People of God in the Liturgy of the Catholic Church is a very broad one, one which requires a number of preliminary clarifications. For the purposes of our analysis, it is important to recognize at the outset that in the overall category of Marian mediation three distinct "moments" of the process may be differentiated: (1) that of Mary's collaboration in the redemption of the human race; (2) that of her distribution of the manifold graces won by the redemption and (3) that of her complementary intercession on behalf of the human race for the gift of redemption and all that flows from it. These three moments have been delineated by Dr. Mark I. Miravalle in terms of Our Lady's role as Coredemptrix, Mediatrix and Advocate for the People of God.[1] Yet another way of clarifying these inter-related concepts is to say that Mary's mediation constitutes the general category while the specific categories may be further distinguished as coredemption, mediation and advocacy. There is no doubt that the category of Marian mediation is an ancient one traceable to the Scriptures [2] and expounded by the Fathers [3] and Doctors of the Church.[4] With time and under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, the theme has been continually enriched, developed and refined by subsequent ecclesiastical writers. This topic has also passed into the realm of popular piety and the liturgy as well as into the speculation of theologians and the magisterium of the Church. The object of this particular study will be to investigate the manifold mediation of the Mother of God as it is testified to in the liturgy of the Catholic Church. The Church's public worship is a privileged place for coming to grasp her deepest belief. Here is how the relationship between faith and liturgy is put in the Catechism of the Catholic Church:
The Servant of God Pope Paul VI cited this classic dictum lex orandi, lex credendi in his Apostolic Exhortation Marialis Cultus with specific reference to the place of Mary in the Church's worship.
Hence we should fully expect that the Church's past and present liturgical formulations which speak of Mary's mediatorial role will be sound indications of her fundamental belief. A full treatment of the theme of Mary's role as Coredemptrix, Mediatrix and Advocate for the People of God in the Liturgy of the Catholic Church would most probably require an extensive collaborative effort among liturgical specialists in all the rites of the Church, both in their past and presently fixed forms. A pioneering effort in this regard was already made over seventy years ago by Dom Idesbald Van Houtryve, O.S.B., a monk of the Belgian Abbey of Mont-César, Louvain.[7] The monastic scholar's two-part article, although of a general nature, demonstrated nonetheless the author's remarkable familiarity with liturgical fonts in the Latin Rites, such as the Roman, Sarum, Ambrosian and Mozarabic Missals and breviaries, and with the Byzantine Rite in its Greek form. Brief overviews of the liturgical testimony in this area have also been provided by E. Druwé, S.J. in his masterful study, "La Médiation Universelle de Marie," [8] by Armand J. Robichaud, S.M. in his essay "Mary, Dispensatrix of All Graces" [9] and by Robert Javelet in his book, Marie, La Femme Médiatrice. [10] All of these studies, however, have concentrated almost exclusively on Our Lady's mediation in the sense of her distribution of the grace of redemption with much less emphasis on her complementary roles as Coredemptrix and Advocate. These other two areas are dealt with in more detail by Father Serapio de Iragui, O.F.M. Cap. in a presentation which he made to the International Mariological Congress held in Rome in 1950. [11] Like Father Van Houtryve, he displays a notable mastery of Eastern and Western liturgical sources with a special emphasis on medieval breviary hymns. This essay has an aim which is at once more specific and more limited. It is my intention to study the evidence indicative of the Church's belief in Our Lady's roles as Coredemptrix, Mediatrix and Advocate primarily in the present edition of the Roman Missal issued according to the Apostolic Constitution Missale Romanum of 3 April 1969 [12] (RM 70) and particularly in the Collection of Masses of the Blessed Virgin Mary issued according to the Decree Christi mysterium celebrans of the Congregation for Divine Worship of 15 August 1986 (Col). The latter volume is described in this way by Fathers Cuthbert Johnson, O.S.B. and Anthony Ward, S.M.:
In some ways it might be said that the Collection fulfills the function of the various Marian Masses published in editions of the Roman Missal prior to that of Pope Paul VI in the Proper of the Saints for Certain Places [Proprium Sanctorum pro Aliquibus Locis], but with the exception of the Masses for the Advent, Lenten and Easter seasons whose use is restricted to Marian shrines, [14] these Masses are available to priests and congregations of the entire Roman Rite. [15] While many of the Masses in the Collection and virtually all of the Prefaces are of recent composition, they nonetheless conform faithfully to the norm lex orandi, lex credendi in expressing the faith of the Church. Thus Paul VI wrote in his Apostolic Letter Signum Magnum:
It will be noted that in this case the Pope was citing the principle lex orandi, lex credendi from the perspective of the faith of the Church establishing the law of prayer. In fact Pius XII had proposed two formulations of this maxim in his Encyclical Letter Mediator Dei, the first and most ancient which comes from Prosper of Aquitaine affirming the constitutive nature of the liturgy of the Church for her belief and the second rightly insisting on the normative value of the Church's belief in establishing the liturgy. [17] Our primary concern, as already indicated, will be, in line with the ancient formulation of the maxim lex orandi, lex credendi, to discover the Church's belief in Mary as Coredemptrix, Mediatrix and Advocate as this is expressed in the contemporary liturgy of the Roman Rite. II. Mary as Coredemptrix The term Coredemptrix usually requires some initial explanation in the English language because often the prefix "co" immediately conjures up visions of complete equality. For instance a co-signer of a check or a co-owner of a house is considered a co-equal with the other signer or owner. Thus the first fear of many is that describing Our Lady as Coredemptrix puts her on the same level of her Divine Son and implies that she is our Redeemer in the same way that He is, thus reducing Jesus "to being half of a team of redeemers". [18] In the Latin language from which the term Coredemptrix comes, however, the meaning is always that Mary's cooperation or collaboration in the redemption is secondary, subordinate, dependent on that of Christ -- and yet for all that -- something that God "freely wished to accept ... as constituting an unneeded, but yet wonderfully pleasing part of that one great price" [19] paid by His Son for world's redemption. As Mark Miravalle points out:
While one might argue about the use of the term Coredemptrix [21] because of the possible confusion which might result from it and propose Pius XII's term of predilection, alma socia Christi (beloved associate of Christ), [22] it is equally arguable that there is no other word which places the participation of the Mother of God in our redemption in such sharp and bold relief. [23] A further argument brought up against the use of this term is that it was specifically avoided by the Second Vatican Council. It is, indeed, true that the term was not used in any of the official documents promulgated by the Council [24] and, undeniably, "ecumenical sensitivity" was a prime factor in its avoidance.[25] The concept, however, was nonetheless conveyed. Thus the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium speaks of Mary as "under and with him [Christ], serving the mystery of redemption, by the grace of Almighty God" [sub Ipso et cum Ipso, omnipotentis Dei gratia, mysterio redemptionis inserviens], as "freely cooperating in the work of man's salvation" [humanæ saluti cooperantem] (#56), of the "union of the mother with the Son in the work of salvation" [cum Filio in opere salutari coniunctio] (#57) and of how she
Likewise the Council Fathers state that Mary
Monsignor Brunero Gherardini points out that, with or without the use of the term Coredemptrix, the Protestant observers recognized just as readily the Catholic position on Mary's participation in the redemption. The great majority of those who adhere to the reformed tradition see any human participation in the work of man's salvation, however secondary and subordinate, as contrary to Luther's principle of solus Christus and thus "a robbery from God and from Christ". [26] Hence in this enterprise we are dealing with more than just the possible justification of the term Coredemptrix, but a fundamental datum of Catholic theology, a matter which will not be facilely dealt with in ecumenical dialogue by simply substituting one word or phrase with another which seems more neutral.[27] Father Gabriele M. Roschini, O.S.M., founder of the Pontifical Faculty of Theology "Marianum" and tireless researcher in mariology, summarized the teaching of the papal magisterium on the coredemption under five headings: (1) Mary's association with Christ the Redeemer; (2) her union with Christ the new Adam in the redemption of the human race as the new Eve; (3) her cooperation in the Redemption beyond the fact of her Divine Maternity; (4) her cooperation in the Redemption which involves her at the same time in the distribution of the graces of the Redemption and (5) her immediate collaboration in Christ's redemptive death and the various effects flowing from it. [28] I have found that not all of these categories seem equally helpful in organizing the liturgical data on the Coredemption and so I have developed the following: (1) Associate of Christ the Redeemer; (2) the New Eve; (3) Totally Devoted to the Person and Work of Her Son; (4) Sharer in the Sufferings of Christ; (5) Presenting her Son to the Father; (6) the United Sacrifice of Jesus and Mary. Since it would be impossible within the limits of this study to cite every text available, I will strive to illustrate each of these points with representative texts. A. Associate of Christ the Redeemer The concept of Mary as intimately associated with the life, suffering and death of Christ has deep roots in the Christian tradition. Hence describing her as associate or companion of the Redeemer [socia Redemptoris] [29] has become a standard way of recognizing her active role in the Redemption. The first explicit use of this terminology with regard to Mary occurs in the writings of Ambrose Autpert (+784), but he uses the verbal form sociata to express the idea. "As present knowledge goes, it is Ekbert of Schönau (+1184) who first uses the noun socia of Mary." [30] As we have already indicated, Pope Pius XII had a particular preference for the term socia Christi in referring to Mary's secondary and subordinate, but nonetheless real, collaboration in the Redemption. For instance, in his Apostolic Constitution Munificentissimus Deus of 1 November 1950 he described Our Lady as "the noble associate of the divine Redeemer" [generosa Divini Redemptoris socia] [31] and again in his Encyclical Letter Ad Cæli Reginam of 11 October 1954 he referred to her as the "Mother of the Christ God and ... His associate in the work of redemption" [Christi Dei mater, socia in divini Redemptoris opera]. [32] The term, "generous associate" [generosa socia], is used of Mary in the Second Vatican Council's Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium #61 and in John Paul's Marian Encyclical Redemptoris Mater #38. [33] Not surprisingly, we find the very same terminology utilized in the liturgy. [34] In the Preface of the Mass of Mary, the New Eve [Sancta Maria, Mulier Nova] the celebrant addresses the Father saying:
Likewise in the Mass of Holy Mary, Handmaid of the Lord [Sancta Maria, Ancilla Domini] the opening prayer begins:
The Mass of The Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother and Mediatrix of Grace [Beata Maria Virgo, Mater et Mediatrix Gratiæ], is particularly expressive of Mary's association with the Redeemer. Hence the Opening Prayer addresses God in this way:
Her role is further delineated in the Preface of that same Mass:
In the Preface of the Mass of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of Good Counsel [Beata Maria Virgo, Mater Boni Consilii] the theme is sounded again:
Finally, let us take note of the praise-filled testimony of the Preface of the Mass of Our Lady of Ransom [Beata Maria Virgo de Mercede], a feast proper to the Mercedarian Order and celebrated on 24 September. [39]
B. The New Eve St. Justin Martyr (+165), St. Irenaeus (+ after 193) and Tertullian (+ after 220) all signaled the parallelism and contrast between Mary and Eve. This teaching which had developed over the centuries [41] was highlighted in the Marian chapter of Lumen Gentium thus:
The English-speaking reader might expect that the Mass formulary of Mary, the New Eve [43] would capitalize on the Mary/Eve theme, only to be dismayed at not finding it so directly underscored. The primary reason for this is that the translators chose not to render the Latin title of this Mass [Sancta Maria, Mulier Nova] literally as "Holy Mary, the New Woman". While the introduction to this formulary does in fact speak of Mary as the "New Eve", it develops even more the idea of the "new woman". [44] The explicit theme of Mary as the New Eve, however, is not ignored in the Collection. [45] It is sounded already in the Preface of the Mass of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Chosen Daughter of Israel [Beata Maria Virgo, Electa Israel Progenies], the first of the Marian Masses of the Advent season:
It will be noted that the Latin text does not mention Eve, but does speak of the sin of "the mother". The motif of Mary as the New Eve is beautifully developed in the Prefaces of the two Lenten Masses of Mary at the Foot of the Cross [Beata Maria Virgo iuxta Crucem Domini]. In the first we have this lapidary statement:
In the second we have the happy fusion of the theme of socia (rendered this time in English as "partner") with that of the "New Eve":
The description of Mary as a "partner in the passion of the New Adam" seems quite deliberately evocative of the text of Genesis in which the Lord God creates for Adam a "helper fit for him" (2:18, 20). Likewise the scriptural association of Eve as crediting the word of the serpent rather than accepting the word of God (Gen. 3:1-6) and thus with the barring of the gates of Paradise (Gen. 3:24) is appropriately played upon in the Preface of the Mass of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Gate of Heaven [Beata Maria Virgo, Ianua Cæli]:
Finally the New Adam theme which resounds in Rom. 5:12-17 is complemented by the New Eve theme developed in an alternative Advent Preface for use from 17 to 24 December which is provided in the second edition (1983) of the Roman Missal approved by the Italian Episcopal Conference.
C. Totally Devoted to the Person and Work of Her Son We have already quoted a passage from Lumen Gentium #56, but let us return to that illuminating paragraph again as it describes Mary's fundamental orientation:
With these carefully chosen words the Council Fathers articulate the Catholic belief that Mary's role in the life of Christ was not simply fulfilled by her giving birth to him and nurturing him, but that she devoted herself totally to his person and work, thus actively participating in the mystery of the redemption. Many of the Mass formularies in the Collection illustrate how deeply this consciousness of Mary's whole-hearted devotion has penetrated the prayer-life of the Church. This is very clearly underscored in the Preface of the Mass of Holy Mary, Handmaid of the Lord [Sancta Maria, Ancilla Domini] in which we can detect the very language of the Council Fathers.
This conviction about Mary's total dedication to Christ and his saving work is expressed in a variety of ways. In the Preface of the Mass of the Mother of Good Counsel [Beata Maria Virgo, Mater Boni Consilii] the priest states that
while in that of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother and Teacher in the Spirit [Beata Maria Virgo, Mater et Magistra Spiritalis] she is described as "sharing intimately in the mystery of Christ" [Quæ mysterio Christi tui intime sociata]. [54] Again, the Preface of Our Lady of Ransom [Beata Maria Virgo de Mercede] addresses the Father as having
while that of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Health of the Sick [Beata Maria Virgo, Salus Infirmorum] says that
Another facet of the mystery of Mary's total dedication to and identification with the person and work of her Son is to speak of her "sacrifice of self" or "self-offering" which thus rendered her available to serve him and so participate in the work of our redemption. Hence, in the Mass of Our Lady of Nazareth [Sancta Maria De Nazareth] the celebrant prays in the name of all the faithful in the Prayer over the Gifts
Likewise, in the Prayer over the Gifts in the second Mass of Mary, Image and Mother of the Church [Beata Maria Virgo, Imago et Mater Ecclesiæ, II] Our Lady is presented as
D. Sharer in the Sufferings of Christ In the course of his pontificate Pope John Paul II has frequently commented on the text of Col. 1:24, "Now I rejoice in my sufferings for your sake, and in my flesh I complete what is lacking in Christ's afflictions for the sake of his body, that is, the church." In his Apostolic Letter Salvifici Doloris of 11 February 1984 he did so with explicit reference to Our Lady's "compassion" [59] or sharing in the sufferings of Christ:
This idea of Mary's compassion or co-suffering [61] in the spirit of Col. 1:24 is brought out magnificently in the Opening Prayer of the first Mass of Mary at the Foot of the Cross [Beata Maria Virgo iuxta Crucem Domini, I]:
Father Joncas' comment about this prayer is that it
The above-cited prayer finds a splendid complement in the Prayer after Communion on the Memorial of Our Lady of Sorrows [Beatæ Mariæ Virginis Perdolentis Memoria].
While, indeed, all of us are called to "bring to completion the saving passion of Christ", there is no doubt that no other human being shared as fully as Mary in the passion of Christ and, if the sober Roman liturgy does not say this in so many words, it does so equivalently by the frequent repetition of this theme. Since space does not allow us to linger over each recurrence, let us take particular note of some representative texts. The Opening Prayer of the Mass of Our Lady of Sorrows articulates this theme in the classical and synthetic Roman manner.
Unfortunately, the official English translation of the International Commission on English in the Liturgy (ICEL) fails to do justice to the rich theological content of this prayer. In the first place the translation doesn't clearly state that Mary's presence and sharing in Christ's sufferings was willed by the Father. Secondly, it doesn't render accurately the request that the "Church may be her [Mary's] companion in the passion of Christ." [66] The request of the prayer, quite clearly, is that, as God willed that Mary should share in the suffering of Christ, we (as members of the Church) pray to be her companions in sharing in Christ's passion, so as to share in his resurrection. Here the understanding is that participation in Mary's compassion is a privileged way of sharing in Christ's passion in order to share in his resurrection. Hence Mary's co-suffering (compassion) is presented as a paradigm for the entire Church. This theme of companionship with Mary in sharing in the work of the redemption is beautifully highlighted in the Prayer over the Gifts of the first Mass of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Image and Mother of the Church, [Beata Maria Virgo, Imago et Mater Ecclesiæ I]:
It is precisely by the charity which Mary bears for her children as Mother of the Church that we ask to be inflamed and thus merit to be intimately associated with her in the work of the redemption. This prayer, in effect, recognizes the uniqueness of Our Lady's coredemptive role. Among the numerous other liturgical texts which could be adduced illustrating Mary's sharing in the suffering of Christ, let us take note of but two more. The first comes from the Preface of the third Mass of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Image and Mother of the Church [Beata Maria Virgo, Imago et Mater Ecclesiæ III].
This composition gives evidence of a refined theological and poetic quality in linking the themes of Mary as mother, virgin and spouse. Of particular interest to us is the paralleling of her spousal relationship to Christ [69 ] with her being the sharer of his passion. The second text is yet another evocative depiction of Mary's intimate union with her Son in his suffering which is presented in the Preface of the Mass of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of Fairest Love [Beata Maria Virgo, Mater Pulchræ Dilectionis]:
Admittedly, this magnificent Latin composition is a challenge to unravel in English. The allusion "silent before his executioners" is not found in the Latin, but what is stated is that "beautiful in the passion of her Son, purpled by his blood," Mary is "the meek ewe-lamb suffering with the Lamb most meek". E. Presenting her Son to the Father In his Letter Inter Sodalicia of 22 May 1918 Pope Benedict XV put the mystery of Mary's coredemption in bold relief. He said:
So united with God's salvific will was Mary, says the Pope, that "as far as it depended on her, [she] offered her Son to placate divine justice." This motif of Mary as the Virgin offering her Son to the Father is one which we find taken up in the Collection of Masses of the Blessed Virgin Mary in at least three places. First we find it expressed succinctly in the Prayer over the Gifts of the Mass of Holy Mary, Fountain of Light and Life [Sancta Maria, Fons Lucis et Vitæ]:
Clearly, then, the Church's offering of the Eucharist is seen as patterned on the offering of the Mother of Christ. The next two instances which refer to the offering of Christ by the Virgin take as their point of departure the scene in the Gospel of Luke in which we are told of Mary and Joseph taking the infant Jesus to the temple in Jerusalem "to present him to the Lord" (Lk. 2:22) [73] while their point of arrival is quite explicitly the offering of Christ as victim on Calvary. Here is a portion of the Preface of the Mass of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Presentation of the Lord [Sancta Maria in Præsentatione Domini]:
It should be noticed here as in many other instances that the English text only approximates the Latin. The Latin verb sistit [75] is rendered as "presents" while the Latin verb offert is also translated as "presents" whereas its first meaning is obviously "offers". Literally, the last line states that Mary is the "Virgin, the minister of the dispensation of salvation, who offers to you the Lamb who is to be immolated on the altar of the cross for our salvation." In our second major section on Mary's mediation we will have much more to say about Mary as ministra, a concept which in our judgement is not adequately rendered by the English word "handmaid". Our final reference to Mary as the "Virgin offering" comes from the Preface of the second Mass of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Image and Mother of the Church [Beata Maria Virgo, Imago et Mater Ecclesiæ II]. As in the immediately preceding citation, a definite parallel is intended between the offering in the temple and on the cross.
The reference to the "Virgin who offers" (literally the Virgin offering) is an allusion[77]to a subtopic developed in Pope Paul VI's Apostolic Exhortation Marialis Cultus which links the presentation of Jesus in the temple to the salvific event of the cross.[78] While the idea of Mary sharing in the self-offering of Christ on the tree of the cross is very much in line with the theme of coredemption, what the Latin text says is even stronger, i.e., that Mary consents to his immolation on the cross. This final item is obviously a quite deliberate quotation from Lumen Gentium #58 and ought to be rendered as such:
F. The United Sacrifice of Jesus and Mary We have already quoted above from the celebrated Letter Inter Sodalicia of Benedict XV which concludes by stating that "we may well say that she with Christ redeemed mankind." [ut dici merito queat, Ipsam cum Christo humanum genus redemisse.][80] While this statement needs to be understood in the terms which we have outlined in the introduction to this section, it has continued to be confirmed by subsequent magisterial statements. Our present Holy Father, Pope John Paul II declared in Salvifici Doloris that
Another very striking statement of this mystery occurs in Pope Pius XII's Encyclical Letter Haurietis Aquas of 15 May 1956:
The concept of our salvation flowing from the sacrifice of Christ "intimately united with the love and sorrows of His Mother" seems to be illustrated by two prayers in the Collection. The first is the Prayer after Communion from the first Mass of Mary at the Foot of the Cross [Beata Maria Virgo iuxta Crucem Domini, I]:
Father Joncas translates this text literally:
My point is that the Latin text speaks of the sacrificio crucis, compatiente Matre i.e., "the sacrifice of the cross with the Mother co-suffering" by which Christ the High Priest gained the nations. This is effectively saying that our salvation flows from "the sacrifice of the cross with the Mother co-suffering". The second prayer which I adduce as supportive of this thesis is the Opening Prayer of the second Mass of Mary at the Foot of the Cross [Beata Maria Virgo iuxta Crucem Domini, II]:
My point once again is that the Latin text speaks of God's "associating the co-suffering Mother with his suffering Son" for the repairing of the human race deceived by the wiles of the devil. Without taking away at all from the fact that the sacrifice of Christ is more than sufficient for the salvation of the world, the prayer of the Church (lex orandi) as expressed in the Collectio states that salvation has effectively come about through the sacrifice of Christ to which is joined the compassion or co-suffering of Mary. KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
1. Cf. Miravalle passim. 2. Cf. Juniper B. Carol, O.F.M., "Our Lady's Coredemption," Mariology 2:386-392; Robichaud 439-442. 3. On the question of Marian mediation in the Fathers, cf. Domiciano Fernández, C.M.F., "'Maria Mediatrix' en la Epoca Patristica," Mater Fidei et Fidelium: Collected Essays to Honor Théodore Koehler on His 80th Birthday. Marian Library Studies [new series] Volume 17-23 (Dayton, Ohio: University of Dayton, 1985-1991) 207-217 and my comment on this essay in "Mater Fidei et Fidelium: An Overview," Divinitas 37 (1993) 161-162. 4. Cf. Michael O'Carroll, C.S.Sp., "Mediation, Mary Mediatress," Theotokos 241-242. 5. CCC #1124. 6. AAS 66 (1974) 162 [St. Paul Editions, #56, p. 46]. 7. Idesbald Van Houtryve, O.S.B., "La Médiation de Marie dans la Liturgie," La Vie Diocésaine, Bulletin du Diocése de Malines, XI (1922) 245-259, 349-360. 8. Maria 1:429-433, 545-547. 9. Robichaud 436-439. 10. Robert Javelet, Marie, La Femme Médiatrice (Paris: O.E.I.L., 1984) 135-143. 11. Serapio de Iragui, O.F.M. Cap., "La mediación de la Virgen en la liturgia," ASC II:192-233. 12. Flannery 137-141. 13. PFS 633. 14. Cf. General Introduction of Col #29-33. 15. Cf. General Introduction of Col #34-37. 16. AAS 59 (1967) 467 [St. Paul Edition 3]. 17. AAS 39 (1947) 541; cf. also Calabuig 216. 18. Eamon R. Carroll, O.Carm., Understanding the Mother of Jesus (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1979) 93. 19. Willian G. Most, "Reparation to the Immaculate Heart," Cross and Crown 8 (1956) 139. 20. Miravalle XV. 21. On its origin, diffusion and the status quæstionis on its use up to 1969, cf. Prob 14-23. 22. Cf. Acta Syn 108; Prob 75; Theotokos 54. 23. Cf. Juniper Carol's masterful handling of the objections in his magisterial article, "Our Lady's Coredemption," Mariology 2:422-424. 24. In Theotokos 308 Father O'Carroll informs us that 54 Bishops at the Council wished a conciliar pronouncement on Mary as Coredemptrix, 36 sought a definition and 11 a dogma of faith on this matter. Cf. Perrella 246-247. 25. The Prænotanda of the original conciliar schema on Our Lady says: Omissæ sunt expressiones et vocabula quædam a Summis Pontificibus adhibita, quæ licet in se verissima, possent difficulius intelligi a fratribus separatis (in casu a protestantibus). Inter alia vocabula adnumerari queunt sequentia: «Corredemptrix humani generis» [S. Pius X, Pius XI] ... Acta Syn 99. Cf. Gabriele M. Roschini, O.S.M., Maria Santissima nella Storia della Salvezza II (Isola del Liri: Tipografia M. Pisani, 1969) 111-112. 26. Gherardini 281. 27. Cf. Roschini, Maria Santissima nella Storia della Salvezza II:113. 28. Prob 71-92. 29. Cf. Perrella 212-213. 30. Theotokos 53. Cf. entire article 53-55, also Michael O'Carroll, C.S.Sp., "Socia: the word and idea in regard to Mary," Ephemerides Mariologicæ 25 (1975) 337-357. 31. AAS 42 (1950) 769 [OL #520]. 32. AAS 46 (1954) 635 [OL #706]. 33. Inseg X/1 (1987) 725 [St. Paul Edition 54]. 34. For a detailed discussion of the liturgical treatment of Mary as Socia Redemptoris cf. Calabuig 207-216, esp. 225-229. For all the occurrences of the term socia and its cognate forms in Col cf. PFS 766. 35. Col #20. All italics used in prayers are my own. 36. Col #22. 37. Col #30. 38. Col #33. 39. Cf. the introduction to this Mass in Col and the formulary given under this date in RM 67. 40. Col #43. 41. Cf. Theotokos 139-141; Calabuig 221-225; Perrella 210-212. 42. #56 (Flannery 416). 43. Col #20. 44. Interestingly, the English translators, desirous of carrying out the "New Eve" motif, have rendered the Prayer after Communion of this Mass: "Lord our God, in the Blessed Virgin Mary you formed a new heart for the second Eve ..." whereas the Latin simply says: "Domine, sancte Pater, qui beatæ Virgini cor novum tribuisti ..." 45. For the occurrences of the term Eva in Col cf. PFS 687; for occurrences of Adam cf. 652. 46. Col #1. 47. Col #11. 48. Col #12. For an alternative trans., cf. Joncas 113 who renders socia passionis as "a female companion of [Jesus'] suffering". 49. Col #46. 50. My trans. from the Italian. 51. I have altered the word order in the Flannery trans. Cf. Flannery 416. 52. Col #22. 53. Col #33. 54. Col #32. 55. Col. #43 56. Col #44. 57. Col #8. 58. Col #26. 59. Cf. Theotokos 104-105. 60. Inseg VII/1 (1984) 309 [ORE 822:6; St. Paul editions, 41]. 61. For occurrences of the term compassio and its cognate forms cf. PFS 664. 62. Col #11. 63. Joncas 107. 64. RM 70: 15 September. For alternate translations, cf. Joncas 111; Oremus 155. 65. RM 70: 15 September. 66. Oremus 154. For an even more literal translation, cf. Joncas 107. 67. Col #25. 68. Col #27. 69. On the notion of Mary as spouse of Christ, cf. Theotokos 333-334; J.-B. Terrien, S.J., La Mère de Dieu et La Mère des Hommes Vol. I (Paris: P. Lethielleux, 1900) 179-188; M. J. Scheeben, Mariology trans. T. L. M. J. Geukers (St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co. 1948) I:162-169. 70. Col #36. 71. AAS 10 (1918) 181-182 [OL #267]. This text has occasioned much debate and discussion among Mariologists. Cf. Prob 90-91; Juniper B. Carol, O.F.M., De Corredemptione Beatæ Virginis Mariæ. Disquisitio positiva (Civitas Vaticana: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1950) 524-527; Perrella 146-147. 72. Col #16. 73. On Mary's role in presenting Jesus in the temple cf. André Feuillet, P.S.S., Jesus and His Mother: The Role of the Virgin Mary in Salvation History and the Place of Woman in the Church trans. Leonard Maluf (Still River, MA: St. Bede's Publications, 1984) 46; Ibid., Le Sauveur Messianique et Sa Mère dans les Récits de l'Enfance de Saint Matthieu et de Saint Luc ( Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana «Collezione Teologica» #4, 1990) 72-74; Stefano M. Manelli, F.F.I., Mariologia Biblica (Frigento (AV): Casa Mariana Editrice, 1989) 259. 74. Col #7. 75. On the use of the verb sistere cf. Cal-Barb 613. 76. Col #26. 77. Cf. introduction to Mass #26 in Col. 78. AAS 66 (1974) 131-132 [St. Paul Editions 18-20]. 79. Flannery 417. From this point on, if parts of magisterial texts are italicized in English and in the corresponding original language, the italics are mine. 80. AAS 10 (1918) 181-182 [OL #267]. 81. Inseg VII/1 (1984) 309 [ORE 822:6; St. Paul Editions 40]. 82. AAS 48 (1956) 352 [OL #778]. For comments on this text as teaching Mary's coredemptive role, cf. Perella 153-156. 83. Col #11. Lawrence M. Choate, O.S.M. points out in his study, "Mary in the Lent and Easter Seasons: Liturgical References," Marian Studies 42 (1991) 59 that "The translation has made quem ... Christus ... promeruit refer to universas gentes rather than to Paraclitus Spiritus." 84. Joncas 111. 85. Col #12. 86. Joncas 108. The above paper first appeared in Mark I. Miravalle, S.T.D., (ed.),Mary Coredemptrix, Mediatrix, Advocate, Theological Foundations: Towards a Papal Definition? (Goleta, CA: Queenship Publishing Company, 1995)
1 800 647-9882
This Version: 2nd February 2003 |